Karaoke in Japan 2026: The Complete Guide
Prices, point rates and sale details in this article were checked by the mottoku editorial team against each service's official site and API (as of the last update). Always check the official sites for current prices, stock and campaign terms.
Why karaoke bills are hard to predict — breaking down how the price is built
When karaoke ends up costing more than you expected, it's almost always because the pricing structure was misunderstood. Most people look only at the "per hour" price before going in, but what you actually pay is a multiplication of several factors: room charge (people × time) + one-drink rule or drink bar + late-night/weekend surcharges + member vs. non-member pricing. Once you understand how these multiply, it's not unusual to cut the bill for the same 2 hours by close to half.
The first thing to know is that karaoke prices are often shown "per person, per 30 minutes". If the price list says "weekday daytime, 1 person, 30 min, ¥◯◯," then 4 people staying 2 hours pay "rate × 4 people × 4 blocks." With a small group the total is easy to picture, but with a big group the same per-person rate is why the bill "jumps more than expected."
Next comes the one-drink rule (ワンドリンク制, also called one-order). At many places each person must order at least one drink on top of the room charge, and if you forget this when budgeting, a few hundred yen per person gets added. Drink bar plans and all-you-can-drink plans may look pricier at first, but they often come out cheaper if you'll have two or more drinks.
The part people tend to overlook is the price steps by time of day. Weekday daytime is usually cheapest, with prices rising step by step for evening, weekends and late night (e.g. after 10 p.m.). Even at the same chain in the same room, going in just 2 hours later can nearly double the rate.
A rough formula for the bill: "room rate × people × number of blocks + drinks (at least 1) × people." Member coupons usually apply either to the "room rate" or to the "total," so ask at the counter where the discount applies before you go in to avoid surprises. Actual prices vary by branch and season, so check each chain's official price list.
How much a discount saves depends on "where it applies"
The question at the end of the last section — "does the discount apply to the room rate or the total?" — sounds minor, but it matters. With the same member coupon, a discount on the rate gets multiplied by the number of people and blocks, while a fixed amount off the total stays the same whether you stay long or short. In other words, what the discount is applied to can matter more than how big it is.
Online shopping coupons and points work exactly the same way. Do they apply only to the item price, or to the total including shipping? Before or after tax? Per item when buying in bulk, or just once per order? When the target differs, the same advertised discount can save you very different amounts.
Checking works similarly too. For karaoke, ask at the counter before going in; for online shopping, look at the post-discount figure in the price field before confirming your order. Just pause once before you tap and check the total after the discount is what you expected — that alone prevents "it didn't get as cheap as I thought" (→ How to check a coupon has been applied).
Hourly vs. free time — at how many hours does it flip?
The biggest factor in karaoke value is whether you pay hourly or go with free time (フリータイム). People who decide this on gut feeling lose the most. The logic is simple and comes down to just two things: "how long will I stay" and "what hours does the free-time slot cover."
Hourly pricing is almost always cheaper for short visits. If you'll leave after an hour or just sing for 30 minutes before meeting someone, hourly wins. Free time, as the name suggests, means "sing as much as you want within a set slot," so the longer you stay, the lower your per-person hourly cost.
The switch usually happens around 2–3 hours. For example, 3 hours on hourly pricing costs the rate × 6 blocks, but if the same time fits within one free-time slot, everything after the third hour is practically free. "Going in on hourly and extending again and again" tends to be the most expensive pattern — a classic regret that could have been avoided by choosing free time from the start.
Watch the free-time "slots"
Free time isn't "any time, as long as you like." It's usually split into slots with their own prices, like morning free, daytime free, evening free and night pack (ナイトパック). Each has a fixed end time, e.g. "daytime free runs from opening until 7 p.m." or "night pack runs 11 p.m. to 5 a.m." Go in close to the end of a slot and you can end up singing for just an hour on a free-time plan.
| Expected stay | Best pricing | Key point |
|---|---|---|
| Up to 1 hour | Hourly | For short stays, the fixed free-time price is easily wasted |
| 1–2 hours | Depends | Compare totals including drinks and member discounts |
| 2–3 hours or more | Free time | Always check there's plenty of time before the slot ends |
| Until morning / waiting for the first train | Night pack | A long slot that absorbs late-night surcharges in one price |
* Slot names, hours and prices vary by chain and branch. The above is a way of thinking about it; check the actual slots on the price list before going in.
The "personality" of the major chains — where you go changes the experience
The big karaoke chains may look alike, but they clearly differ in how they price, their outside-food rules, room atmosphere and the machines they use. Picking a chain that doesn't fit your purpose can by itself make things pricier or less comfortable. Here's what the main chains are like.
Big Echo (Daiichikosho) is one of the largest players in the industry. Daiichikosho also develops LIVE DAM, so its strengths are serious equipment, sound quality and scoring. Many branches have large rooms for parties and business entertaining, making it good for "singing properly" or "big groups." Member discounts and birthday-month perks are sometimes offered (details vary by season and branch).
Karaoke Manekineko is known for flexible outside food and drink rules. Many branches let you bring in food and drinks from outside, so the biggest draw is controlling your food spending by stocking up at a convenience store. It's popular with people who want to stay a long time or put value first. Most branches use JOYSOUND machines.
Côte d'Azur (コート・ダジュール) focuses on interior design and atmosphere. It's known for soft lighting, sofas and rooms suited to girls' nights and dates, and is also popular with people who want to enjoy the food menu. Prices can be a bit higher, but it suits people who see value in paying for the space.
Karaoke Kan (カラオケ館) is strong near stations in cities, with easy access and everyday convenience as its selling points. Standard equipment plus member discounts make it handy for dropping in before or after meeting up with someone.
Shidax and regional chains: Shidax was once known for restaurant-style karaoke, but it has kept changing its business model and its network of branches has shifted. In rural areas there are regional chains cheaper than the big names and places with their own food menus, which can be hidden gems. Always check the official site for current operating status.
Solo karaoke specialists
In recent years, places specializing in solo singing, like 1Kara (ワンカラ), have grown. They have semi-private booths with high-quality headphones and microphones, designed so you can focus on practice without worrying about others. If you're worried about standing out alone at a regular karaoke place, you can just pick a solo-focused one from the start.
The shortcut is to "start from your purpose and work back to the chain." For singing practice and scoring, prioritize equipment (DAM-based places like Big Echo); to cut food and drink costs, Manekineko where outside food is allowed; for atmosphere, Côte d'Azur; for a quick visit near the station, Karaoke Kan. Note that equipment and prices differ by branch even within the same chain.
LIVE DAM or JOYSOUND — it depends on what you sing
Karaoke machines come in two main families: LIVE DAM (Daiichikosho) and JOYSOUND (Xing). Neither is simply better; which suits you depends clearly on "the songs you usually sing" and "how you want to use scoring." The pickier you are, the happier you'll be if you check which machine a branch has before going in.
Strengths of LIVE DAM (Daiichikosho)
DAM's headline features are video quality and serious scoring. Its well-known "Precision Scoring (精密採点)" series breaks down your singing into pitch, stability and techniques like shakuri (scooping up into a note), kobushi (vocal turns), vibrato and dynamics, and shows them in graphs. If you want to pin down "where my singing is weak" with numbers, or seriously want to improve, DAM's analysis helps. Coverage of J-pop and standards is strong, and many branches focus on official artist videos and high-definition backgrounds. It's used at Daiichikosho-affiliated places such as Big Echo.
Strengths of JOYSOUND (Xing)
JOYSOUND's strengths are how fast it adds new songs and the breadth of its catalog. It's strong on niche music like anime, game and Vocaloid songs, indie tracks and songs that started on streaming, and "JOYSOUND has the song DAM didn't" happens a lot. It works well with phones too — for example, you can link the UtaSuki (うたスキ) app and book songs straight from your playlist. You'll find it at Manekineko and JOYSOUND-run branches.
| What matters to you | Best machine |
|---|---|
| Detailed scoring that analyzes your expression | LIVE DAM (Precision Scoring) |
| Singing along with official artist videos and HD backgrounds | LIVE DAM |
| Singing anime, Vocaloid, streaming hits and new songs early | JOYSOUND |
| Booking from a playlist on your phone | JOYSOUND (UtaSuki link) |
One thing to watch: even within the same chain, machines and their generations differ by branch. Some branches have the newest model while others still run the previous generation. If you're unsure whether a song you want is available, check in advance using the song search tools provided by JOYSOUND and DAM.
Getting higher scores — each machine rewards different things
Scoring is one of the big joys of karaoke, but each machine has its own scoring quirks, so people stuck at the same score often just don't know how it works. Understanding what's being judged gets you there faster than belting it out blindly.
Across all machines, pitch accuracy carries the most weight. On every machine, how well you match the guide melody forms the base of your score. The first step to a high score is listening closely to the original and building one go-to song you can sing all the way through on pitch.
On top of that come each machine's own criteria. DAM's Precision Scoring looks closely at pitch plus stability, dynamics, long tones and the "count" and "accuracy" of techniques like shakuri, kobushi and fall. Adding expression on purpose tends to earn points, but overdoing it and losing pitch backfires. JOYSOUND's analysis scoring (分析採点) is also built around pitch, while judging dynamics, rhythm and technique.
- Narrow it down to one go-to songChoose a song that fits your range and lets you hit the chorus comfortably. Overly hard songs throw off your pitch and lower your score.
- Turn on the guide melody and focus on pitchAt first, prioritize matching pitch over expression. Get a feel for keeping your voice on the bar.
- Add dynamicsHold back in the verse and open up in the chorus. A flat, constant volume loses you dynamics points.
- Use techniques only where they come naturallyForcing kobushi and shakuri throws off your pitch. It's safest to copy them only where the original uses them.
- Use the result graph for next timeFocus on your weak areas (stability, long tones, etc.) in the next song. Look at "what to fix" more than the score itself.
People often say "JOYSOUND scores higher" or "DAM is strict," but this varies by machine, song and scoring mode, so take it only as a rough reference. The healthiest approach is to compare on the same machine with the same song and track your own progress.
Solo karaoke, and new uses like streaming and recording
The days of "karaoke is for groups" are long gone, and solo karaoke (ヒトカラ, hitokara) is now completely normal. In fact, solo customers often make up a large share on weekday afternoons, and staff are used to people coming alone. Rather than worrying about awkwardness, focus on how much you gain.
The upsides of going alone are clear: you can queue only the songs you want without holding back, practice the same song again and again, work seriously on your score, and use your time however you like. No waiting for your turn, so it's good both for improving and for blowing off steam. At a solo specialist like 1Kara mentioned above, you can monitor your own voice through headphones and focus even more. Price-wise, if you make full use of free time alone, your hourly cost drops a lot.
"Keeping" your songs with recording and streaming
Some machines let you record your singing and save it to your phone from the karaoke room, or keep recordings for social media. More people use these as practice material for cover-singing and streaming, or compare them with previous sessions to track progress. Available features, saving methods and conditions differ by machine and branch, so check in advance if you want to use them.
Using your phone as a remote
Searching and booking songs through phone apps, starting with JOYSOUND's UtaSuki, has become common. If you build a playlist of songs in advance, you won't have to wrestle with the bulky remote after you go in, and you can spend your limited time singing. DAM is also expanding similar phone integration.
Solo, pairs, big groups, families — the "right place" changes with the situation
Even at the same chain, how satisfied you are depends heavily on who you go with and why. Comparing price lists alone won't give you the answer, because room sizes, machine placement and food service are tuned to different kinds of customers. Here we split things into four typical situations and sum up what to aim for and what to avoid.
Singing alone in earnest — machine and time matter more than room size
For solo karaoke, first check whether the place welcomes solo customers. Dedicated places like 1Kara have soundproof booths with headphones and mics, designed so you can't hear the people next door. At regular branches too, many prepare small rooms on weekday afternoons expecting solo customers, and if you tell the counter "just one," you'll be shown to a small room. What to avoid is walking in alone on a Friday night or a holiday evening. Only big rooms may be free, you get no benefit from splitting by headcount, and depending on how the room is priced it can cost more. For solo karaoke, choosing the time is choosing your conditions.
Two people for a long session — free time and requesting a machine
If two of you will hole up for hours of duets or practice, it's practical to look mainly for places with free-time plans. Some places have a minimum headcount per room that two people may not meet, so it's safest to give your group size when booking and confirm. Also, requesting a machine pays off for pairs. It's common for one person to want LIVE DAM's Precision Scoring while the other wants songs only on JOYSOUND. As soon as there are two or more of you, someone has to compromise on the machine, so putting in a machine request when booking avoids arguments on the day.
Big groups after drinks — room size and outside food matter
The bigger the group, the more the time is about hanging out rather than singing. What matters here is the number of mics, how easy the screen is to see and how big the table is. Even a large room, if long and narrow, will have seats that can't see the screen, and people at the back start chatting and the group splits up. When booking, ask not "how many people fit" but "is it comfortable for this many," and staff will often answer honestly. If you want to bring food and drinks, you'll need a place like Manekineko that allows it, but conditions vary by chain and branch, so checking beforehand is a must. Not bringing food to a place that allows it costs you nothing, but bringing food to a place that doesn't is asking for trouble.
With kids or older relatives — the details of the facilities decide it
For family visits, facility details matter more than price. Is there something like a kids' room? Are the sofa corners rounded? Is there a kids' menu? If older family members are coming, the text size on the remote, how many enka and kayōkyoku (classic Japanese pop) songs there are, and how far it is to the toilet all come into play. What to avoid is choosing a place in a basement or on a confusing upper floor just because it's cheap. Waiting for elevators and going up and down stairs takes more out of the experience than you'd think. For families, the practical move is to estimate the effort "from the entrance to your seats" first.
The free-text field on booking forms actually gets read. Writing just one line like "One person, would like a machine with Precision Scoring" or "6 people, would like a room with a large table" can change which room you get on the day.
If you go several times a month, the cost depends on how it adds up, not on one visit
Karaoke isn't a one-off purchase; you pay every time you go. That's exactly why chasing only the cheapest single visit makes it hard to see what you'll spend overall if you keep going. Here we break down the effort and costs of regular use.
Membership cards and apps — the "entry cost"
Many chains build their pricing around membership. Some charge a joining fee, while app membership may be free, and whether you need to renew also varies by chain. What often happens is people sign up with several chains but only really go to one. Membership programs are usually designed to reward you for sticking to the place you go most, and spreading yourself out leaves every perk half-used. It's realistic to watch your own habits for about 3 months, see which chain you end up at most based on routes from your station or workplace, and then narrow down to those 1–2 chains.
Drink bars and food — easy-to-miss ongoing costs
At places with the one-drink rule, there's always a drink charge on top of the room fee. If you go often, assume this adds up every time. Between plans with a drink bar included and ordering drinks individually, the longer you stay, the more the drink bar plan tends to win. On the other hand, if you mostly leave after a short time, a place with plans that let you skip all-you-can-drink keeps costs lighter. Food quality and wait times differ depending on whether it's cooked in-house or brought in from outside, so the longer you tend to stay, the more this affects how happy you are.
Mics and gear — what to bring yourself
The more you go, the more gear you tend to bring. Typical items are mic covers (disposable ones for people concerned about hygiene), throat lozenges or throat spray, and a phone stand if you record audio or video. Mic covers are consumables, so you'll need to restock in line with how often you go. If you want to bring headphones, whether there's an output jack and what kind varies by machine, so it's safest to check the branch's machine before buying.
| Item | Occasional visitors | Once a week or more |
| Membership | A free app membership is enough | Stick to the one chain you go to most |
| Drinks | Ordering individually is lighter | Drink bar plans tend to work out better |
| Mic covers | The branch's supplies are enough | Easier to keep a stock on hand |
| Throat care | Not really needed | Prepare for singing for long stretches |
Treating your throat as a "consumable"
The consumable that matters most for regular use is actually your own throat. Singing for hours on free time can leave you without a voice the next day. To keep enjoying it, simple habits help: rest for a few songs every hour, keep room-temperature water on hand, and avoid sitting right under the air conditioner vent. Karaoke rooms tend to be dry, and in winter especially your throat takes more strain. The more you want to raise your score, the sooner you should accept that singing on while tired won't improve it — realizing this early actually helps you improve faster.
If you want to keep a record of your scores, linking the machine's app saves your history automatically. However, history doesn't carry over between machines, so if records matter to you, sticking to a chain and machine will let them build up.
Avoid "I thought we'd get in" — check the room, machine and equipment beforehand
What causes trouble on the day is usually not a pricing mistake but "not being able to use it the way you planned." The machine in the room is different, the gear you brought won't connect, not everyone fits. Checking in advance avoids almost all of this.
Room capacity means "how many fit," not "how many are comfortable"
A room's stated capacity means that many people can sit given the chairs and tables. Add bags, coats and food and drinks on the table, and a room at exactly full capacity gets cramped. As a guide, capacity minus 1–2 people is the number that can relax comfortably. Conversely, if your group is very small, some places may put you in a large room with a higher room charge, so tell them you'd like a small room.
Machines differ by branch and by room
This is where people trip up most. Even in the same chain, machines differ by branch, and within the same branch, different rooms may have different machines. If you have a goal like using Precision Scoring on the latest LIVE DAM or a specific JOYSOUND feature, check in this order:
- Check the machines on the chain's branch pageOfficial branch info often lists the machine names, which narrows things down a lot.
- Call and ask "is a room with that machine free today?"Even if they have it, there may be only a few, and they can be taken at certain times.
- Specify the machine when bookingThe surest way is to write the machine name in the notes field of the booking form or tell them when booking by phone.
- Check the machine name after going inIf it's wrong, they may switch rooms for you if you ask early.
Will your gear connect? — jacks and power
If you want to record, or use your own mic or headphones, what you need to check is the type of jacks and power. Audio outputs on karaoke machines vary by model, and regular audio gear won't necessarily plug straight in. As for power, the room's outlet may be behind the machine and unusable, or there may be few free outlets to begin with. If you're just recording on your phone, bringing a power bank and a stand is the safe bet. Preparing to "handle everything yourself" rather than "borrow the venue's equipment" keeps your plans from falling apart on the day.
For outside food, check what kinds are allowed
Even places that allow outside food don't all have the same conditions. It's common to draw lines like soft drinks only, no alcohol, or nothing with strong smells. Whether you can receive delivery orders also varies by place. If you buy food for the whole group assuming you can bring it in and then get turned away, there's no recovering, so call to check the conditions before you go shopping.
Free time is limited both by "when you can check in" and "when you must leave." If you start a night free-time slot late, your actual singing time gets shorter. Always check the end time as well as the start time.
Pay differently for the same 2 hours — karaoke-specific ways to save
Saving on karaoke doesn't get you far if you stop at generic advice like "install the app." The trick is to exploit the weak points of the pricing structure. Let's turn what we've covered — "how the price is built," "where hourly and free time flip" and "chains that allow outside food" — into actual actions.
- A member app is the first step that works just by signing up: Almost all major chains have an official app; membership is free and app coupons give discounts for first visits or certain days. Whether they apply to the room charge or the total depends on the branch, so ask at the counter when to show them.
- Stack "weekday daytime × free time × membership": Take the cheapest time (weekday daytime), the plan that's best for long stays (free time), with a member discount. When all three line up, you pay much less for the same stay. This is the classic way to save on karaoke.
- Control your drink costs at places that allow outside food: Food and drink costs add up fast. At chains that allow it (Manekineko, etc.), you can bring drinks and snacks from a convenience store and avoid being tied to in-house drink prices. Some branches have conditions such as no alcohol, so check first.
- Decide on drink bar/all-you-can-drink by "how many you'll drink": It's overpriced if you have just one, but usually pays for itself at two or more. You end up drinking a lot when singing, so for long stays the set plans tend to come out ahead.
- Use booking and coupon services too: Booking services like EPARK Karaoke (EPARK カラオケ) and restaurant coupon sites sometimes offer discounts. Booking ahead for weekends and big groups also avoids "no rooms available." Whether you can combine them with official app coupons depends on branch rules, so check.
- Match the room to your group size: Rooms that are too big can cost more. Room charges may be tied to room size, so choosing just the right size — small rooms for small groups, large for large — quietly makes a difference.
Reward rates, annual fees, coupon amounts and discount conditions change by season and branch. All price references in this article are rough guides and ways of thinking; check each chain's official website and official app for the discounts and prices that actually apply.
Common pitfalls, and small steps before going in
Most of the times karaoke feels like "a waste of money" or "awkward" could have been prevented by checking before going in. Especially for weekends, big groups and late nights, a little preparation clearly improves the experience.
- Ask about extension pricing first: If you keep extending on hourly pricing, it often turns out switching to free time would have been cheaper. Asking at the counter at the start "which plan is cheapest if we stay another ◯ hours?" avoids waste.
- Work out the late-night/early-morning "steps": Late-night rates are often higher, and crossing the switchover time for night packs or morning packs changes the pricing. If you're staying until morning for the first train, figure out which slot is cheapest before going in.
- Don't rely on the chain name for outside-food rules: If you just remember "Manekineko allows outside food," you'll get caught out by branch exceptions or no-alcohol rules. Check each branch's official info or call.
- One-drink rule and service charges: Even if the room charge looks cheap, a mandatory drink, service charges or late-night rates change the total. Make a habit of reading the small print on the price list to avoid going over budget.
- Check the machine not just for songs but for scoring too: If you want to compare Precision Scoring results for fun, sticking to the same machine family each time keeps conditions consistent. Knowing whether a branch has DAM or JOYSOUND in advance keeps both your scoring and song choices on track.
- Weekday daytime is best for kids and families: Many chains have child pricing (discounts or free), with plenty of Ghibli, anime and children's songs. But minors may be restricted late at night and early in the morning, and weekday daytime is the safe choice for both price and atmosphere.
FAQ
So which is cheaper, hourly or free time?
It flips depending on how long you stay. As a rule of thumb, hourly is better if you'll leave after about an hour, and free time wins for 2–3 hours or more. But free time is split into slots (morning, daytime, evening, night) with their own hours and prices, and if the slot is about to end you only get a short time to sing. Check the slot and remaining time on the price list before going in.
DAM or JOYSOUND: which should I pick?
Decide by what you sing and how you use scoring. LIVE DAM suits you if you want to sing J-pop and standards with official artist videos, or have your expression analyzed with Precision Scoring. JOYSOUND suits you if you want to sing anime, Vocaloid, streaming hits and new songs early, or book via the UtaSuki app on your phone. It's about fit, not which is better. You can check whether a song is available in each company's song search beforehand.
Which chains let you bring your own food and drinks? Anything to watch out for?
Karaoke Manekineko is known for many branches that are relaxed about outside food and drinks. But it's not the same at every branch, and some have conditions like no alcohol or no certain foods. Other chains often ban it entirely. Don't judge by the chain name; check the official info for the branch you're going to, or call. If you can bring things in, you can control your drink costs.
Will I stand out going to karaoke alone?
No. There are plenty of solo customers, especially on weekday afternoons, and staff are used to it. If you're still self-conscious, a solo specialist like 1Kara gives you a semi-private booth and headphones so you can practice without any worry about others. Singing only the songs you want, repeating the same song and working on your score are actually big advantages of going alone.
Any tips for scoring higher on Precision Scoring?
Pitch accuracy is the foundation. First build one go-to song that fits your range, and practice keeping your voice on the guide melody. Then hold back in the verse and open up in the chorus to earn dynamics points. It's safest to add techniques like kobushi and shakuri only where the original uses them; going for them too hard throws off your pitch and backfires. Use the result graph to work on your weak areas in the next song.
What's the one-drink rule? Is all-you-can-drink a better deal?
The one-drink rule (one-order rule) means each person must order at least one drink, separate from the room charge. If you'll have just one, order it on its own; if you'll have two or more, a drink bar or all-you-can-drink usually comes out cheaper. Singing makes you thirsty, so people tend to drink a lot. For long stays, choosing an all-you-can-drink option makes the total easier to predict. Exact prices vary by branch, so check the price list.
Can kids and families use karaoke?
Most chains welcome families, and many branches offer child pricing (discounts or free). There are also plenty of songs for kids, like Ghibli, anime and children's songs. Note, though, that minors may be restricted late at night and early in the morning. For both price and atmosphere, weekday daytime is most comfortable for families.
Where's the most reliable place to check prices and coupons?
Each chain's official app and website are the most reliable. Many chains offer coupons with free membership, and price lists are broken down by time, day and plan. Prices can differ between city and suburban branches of the same chain, so the trick is to check the price for "the branch you're going to" before you go. Booking services like EPARK may also let you check prices and use coupons.
Can I just walk in on the day without a reservation?
From weekday midday to early evening, you can get in without waiting at most branches. On the other hand, Friday and Saturday nights, long weekends and the New Year holidays tend to fill up, and large rooms and rooms with specific machines go especially fast. If you have a big group or want a particular machine, call ahead to check availability — even on the same day is fine — so you don't end up waiting outside.
* This article is for reference only. Sale dates, point rates and campaign terms can change, so check each store's official page for the latest details.